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By this time, most southern states had laws forbidding teaching people in slavery to read. Even so, around five percent become literate at great personal risk.

Congress makes it illegal for Native American children to be taught in their native languages. Children as young as four years old were forced into off-reservation boarding schools.

African American leaders mobilize to bring public education to the South for the first time.

Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” decision by the US Supreme Court officially recognizes segregation as legal. Southern states pass laws requiring racial segregation in public schools.

The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is created. The FHA insured home mortgages for houses within White, suburban boundaries. This solidifies the practice of redlining, which systematically withholds credit from homebuyers in Black neighborhoods and promotes a new form of school segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka: The Supreme Court unanimously agrees that segregated schools are “inherently unequal” and must be abolished. Almost 45 years later in 1998, schools are as segregated as ever, especially in the north.

The Civil Rights Act is passed. Title IV addresses school desegregation and Title VI prohibits discrimination in federally funded programs.

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez: The Supreme Court rules that education is not a 鈥渇undamental right鈥� and that states don鈥檛 have to provide equal distribution of education expenditures.

The Supreme Court rules that voluntary school integration plans on the basis of race are unconstitutional.

Modern segregation has been built over the course of centuries. It is not a new phenomenon, but the continuation of an old one. It is the maturation of inadequate desegregation policies and the direct descendant of redlining which has kept American metropolitan areas starkly divided by race.